The Science and Culture of Meat Consumption: Traditional Meanings of Meat and Their Modern Reinterpretation

Meat has played a central role in human diets throughout history, serving not only as a dense source of high-quality protein and essential micronutrients but also as a symbol of cultural identity, social status, and communal tradition. From prehistoric hunting societies to modern industrial food systems, meat consumption has shaped and reflected economic development, religious practices, and culinary customs across civilizations. In particular, meat occupies a significant place in traditional Korean food culture, where it has been incorporated into ritual foods, festive dishes, and socially meaningful dining practices. This review explores meat consumption from interdisciplinary perspectives encompassing meat science, nutrition, anthropology, and food culture. The nutritional and biological significance of meat is examined, highlighting its contributions to human health and physiological function. The role of meat in Korean traditional food culture is also analyzed to illustrate how culinary practices embody cultural values and collective identity. Finally, this review addresses the modern reinterpretation of meat consumption in response to concerns regarding health, animal welfare, and environmental sustainability. By integrating scientific and cultural perspectives, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the past, present, and future significance of meat in human diets and food systems.