Table 3. Classification of phosphate replacement technologies

Technologies	Ingredient examples / methods	References
Non-meat protein	• Isolated soy protein• Whey protein• Casein protein	Kim et al., 2017
Hydrocolloid	• L-Arginine• Carrageenan• Gums (Gua gum, Xanthan gum, and etc.)	Kim et al., 2014Part et al., 2008
Calcium salts	• Calcium salts obtained from egg shell or oyster shell powder	Bae et al., 2017Cho et al., 2017
Enzyme	• Microbial transglutaminase	Santhi et al., 2017
Natural source	• Winter mushroom powder• Sea tangle powder	Choe et al., 2018Lee et al., 2018
High-pressure processing	• High pressure treatment for 100-200 MPa	Thangavelu et al., 2019
Power ultrasound	• Power ultrasound energy at frequencies higher than human audible range (>20 kHz) and lower than microwave frequencies (10 MHz).	Thangavelu et al., 2019